Title
Understanding Monsoonal Water Cycle Changes in a Warmer Climate in E3SMv1 Using a Normalized Gross Moist Stability Framework
Authors
Bryce Harrop Po-Lun Ma, Phil Rasch (pnl.gov), Yun Qian, Guangxing Lin (Unlicensed), Cecile Hannay
Abstract
One of the grand challenges of climate science is understanding the changes of the tropical rain belts and monsoon systems owing to CO2-induced warming. A promising path forward links the fluxes of energy and moisture to tropical circulation features. To this end, we make use of the Energy Exascale Earth System Model version 1, where the divergence of moist static energy and moisture have been calculated online, and employ a normalized gross moist stability (NGMS) diagnostic framework to understand the linkages between changes in the flow of energy and moisture within the monsoons. We focus on the Asian Summer Monsoon system and utilize a series of atmosphere-land and atmosphere-land-ocean simulations to understand the connection between fluxes and monsoons. Uncoupled simulations with prescribed sea surface temperatures indicate that decreases in NGMS over land are important in explaining precipitation increases in response to both sea surface temperature and CO2 increases. In fully coupled experiments, NGMS decreases remain an important contributor to the increase in P-E, but the coupled simulations highlight the importance of consistent ocean and land responses in interpreting the monsoon changes. This study indicates that transient eddy fluxes play an important role in NGMS decreases and that a time-mean view of the monsoon circulations is insufficient to quantify the link between future changes in the fluxes of energy and moisture. Compensation between dynamic and thermodynamic components of vertical moist static energy advection occurs, with the thermodynamic contribution dominating. The compensation is shown to be sensitive to relative humidity, with higher relative humidity leading to a stronger thermodynamic component.
Plain Language Summary
One of the challenges of climate science is understanding how warming will change monsoon rainfall. A promising path forward links the transport of energy to the transport of water vapor. This link, termed the normalized gross moist stability (NGMS), can be used to fingerprint monsoon rainfall changes coming from different energy sources as well as changes to NGMS itself. A fingerprint of the Asian Summer Monsoon rainfall response to warming is made for a general circulation model, which highlights the importance of the NGMS term for understanding the monsoon rainfall response to warming. By examining this NGMS term more carefully, evidence is shown for the importance of the ocean circulation toward explaining the monsoon rainfall response to warming. Further analysis of the NGMS term also suggests that the traditional time-mean view of the monsoon is insufficient to explain its response to warming. The response of NGMS to warming is shown to be sensitive to the relative humidity of the atmosphere.