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Abstract
The radiate transfer between the surface and atmosphere directly decides the radiant energy flux exchanges between the atmosphere and underneath surface components and, thus, plays a critical role in the surface energy process. Based on the physics of radiative transfer, once scattering is involved, the atmosphere and underneath component become an entire system and the upward and downward fluxes at the surface-atmosphere interface have to be solved simultaneously. This argument applies to any surface modules (bare land, canopy, ocean, ice, and snow) and both longwave and shortwave. In current coupling structure of E3SM or any mainstream ESMs, the coupler module passes the downward radiant flux at the surface to the surface modules, serving as the upper boundary condition for the radiate transfer solver in the modules. It also passes the upward radiant flux at the surface to the atmosphere module, serving as the lower boundary condition for the radiation solver in the atmosphere module. As a result, the aforementioned radiative coupling between atmosphere and surface is artificially cut off and it is not faithfully represented in such coupler framework.
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